Permanence of age-structured populations in a spatio-temporal variable environment

It is widely recognized that various biotic and abiotic factors cause changes in the size of a population and its age distribution. Population structure, intra-specific competition, temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of the environment are identified as the most important factors that, alone or in combination, influence population dynamics. Despite being well-known, these factors are difficult to study, both theoretically and empirically. However, in an increasingly variable world, permanence of a growing number of species is threatened by climate changes, habitat fragmentation or reduced habitat quality. For purposes of conservation of species and land management, it is crucially important to have a good analysis of population dynamics, which will increase our theoretical knowledge and provide practical guidelines. One way to address the problem of population dynamics is to use mathematical models. The choice of a model depends on what we want to study or what we aim to achieve. For an extensive theoretical study of population processes and for obtaining qualitative results about population growth or decline, analytical models with various level of complexity are used. The competing interests of realism and solvability of the model are always present. This means that, on one hand, we always aim to set up a model that will truthfully reflect reality, while on the other hand, we need to keep the model mathematically solvable. This prompts us to carefully choose the most prominent ecological factors relevant to the problem at hand and to incorporate them into a model. Ideally, the results give new insights into population processes and complex interactions between the mentioned factors and population dynamics. The objective of this thesis is to formulate, analyze, and apply various mathematical models of population dynamics. We begin with a classical linear age-structured model and gradually add temporal variability, intra-specific competition and spatial heterogeneity. In this way, every subsequent model is more realistic and complex than the previous one. We prove existence and uniqueness of a nonnegative solution to each boundary-initial problem and continue with investigation of the large-time behavior of the solution. In the ecological terms, this means that we are establishing conditions under which a population can persist in a certain environment. Since our aim is a qualitative analysis of a solution, we often examine its upper and lower bounds. Their importance is in the fact that they are obtained analytically and parameters in their expression have biological meaning. Thus, instead of analyzing an exact solution (which often proves to be difficult), we analyze the corresponding upper and lower solutions. We apply our models to demonstrate the influence of seasonal changes (or some other periodic temporal variation) and spatial structure of the habitat on population persistence. This is particularly important in explaining behavior of migratory birds or populations that inhabits several patches, some of which are of low quality. Our results extend the previously obtained results in some aspects and point out that all factors (age structure, density dependence, spatio-temporal variability) need to be considered in making a population model and predicting population growth.